Using current primary literature, discuss the aromatase-inhibiting Essay

Using current primary literature, discuss the aromatase-inhibiting anticancer drugs - Essay Example The paper will, then, continue with a discussion of the molecular structures, binding methods, and corresponding effects of the aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The structure, function and binding interactions of the aromatase enzyme are still being investigated. Aromatase is a rate limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis (Hong et al. 2009). It belongs to the monooxygenase family (particularly, the cytochrome P450 family) of enzymes and catalyzes the biosynthesis of oestrogen (specifically, oestrone) from androstenedione, involving a unique sequence of three reactions that require O2 molecules to produce an aromatic ring structure within the oestrogen molecule. The binding fit of androstenedione to aromatase is tight because the aromatase enzyme is not one of the promiscuous enzymes — which have looser fits for the various substrate structures they bind (Waterman, 2009). To conduct reactions, aromatase requires a partner enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Hong et al. 2009). High levels of aromatase enzyme expression and correspond oestrogen in tissues play a key role in augmented tumor growth. Blocking this biosynthesis pathwa y is the rationale behind the development of AIs (Pant & Dutta, 2008). The reason that most of the development and use of AI drugs have been for cancers of the breast is that most breast cancer cases have up to ten times the amount of oestrogen found in the average circulatory system. It is important to note that aromatase activity (and the formation of oestrone) is more pronounced in postmenopausal women, which is why most AIs are commonly used for postmenopausal women with breast cancer (Waterman, 2009). The aromatase enzyme has also been identified in endocrine tissues (such as ovary, uterus, prostate, and bone) and cancer associated with these tissues. Interestingly, the enzyme has also been found to be expressed in non-endocrine tissues, such as liver, lung, and colon cancers

Artist: Turner: Outline :: essays research papers

Outline: Chose an artist such as Turner, David or Hunt and explain how that artists work fulfilled that eras definition of the moral purpose of art. Trent Trombley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of Turners work was to establish a link between sublimity and understanding. Art reflects on the expanding nature of our society and world in general, it was with his paintings that he evoked such change. Even the very style in which he painted differed throughout his career. It is very apparent that he was a man not set by limits but by the limitless reaches of his mind and the changing world around him. 1. Understand the era that Turner lived. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turners’ life span was a period of tremendous change and development. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is the only British painter of the time whose work truly reflected the spirit of progress of these years. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In art the normal tendency was to look back to the past rather than to create a style in keeping with the advances of other fields. 2. Events that took place throughout Turners life. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turner supported abolition and painted “The Slave Ship'; between 1833 and 1840 the emancipation of the slaves in the British colonies began. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turner wanted to have a marriage between art and industry and painted “Rain, Steam and Speed, The Great Western Railway, “yet artists disliked the industrial revolution saying it was repulsive. 3. The changing style of Turner. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turners’ works have changed greatly throughout his career and now his late works have been regarded as highly as his earlier works. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of his later exhibition canvases eluded interpretation in anything other than abstract visual terms. 4. Understanding Turner. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the painting “The Sun of Venice Going Out to Sea'; Venice had come to hold an emotional significance for Turner comparable to that of “Carthage'; in earlier years.

Philosophy †epistemology Essay

Descartes is very successful philosophers in 17th century. Rene Descartes is widely accepted as the father of modern philosophy. He tried to create fundamental philosophy for natural sciences. Descartes mainly focus on his philosophical contributions in the theory of knowledge and his famous work focus on the epistemological project, Meditations on First Philosophy. He wants to explain his thought in Meditations on First Philosophy which is as original in philosophical modus as in content. Meditations on First Philosophy examine Descartes’ arguments and opinion. Although there are 6 meditations in this book, this paper points out the search for a foundation of knowledge (the question of truth) and doubt the â€Å"Cogito† (I think; therefore I am). First of all, in the First Meditation, Descartes demonstrates that several arguments for doubting all of his previously basic beliefs. Everything that he thought is the doubt. He has started to doubt from everything and he wanted to find the question of truth with own ideas. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt and he aims ‘to reach certain’. At the same time, we have to use five senses but Descartes believes the senses sometimes deceive us concerning things. Also Descartes is often convinced when he is dreaming that he is sensing real objects. For instance, he said that â€Å"There is the fact that I am here, seated by the fire, and attired in a dressing gown, having this paper in my hands and other similar matters. And how could I deny that these hands and this body are mine (†¦)† (146). Descartes believes that we can achieve certain truth when we will doubt everything. Descartes uses some question to help prove one of his main arguments and ideas to find truth. For example, how we know certain, what is true, what we see, what we hear? As we can see, according to Descartes, the senses are not enough to decide what is real. He believes the truth is in his mind and he must use his mind. Descartes’ Second Meditation discusses some parts. First part explain that how a â€Å"body† can understand things, such as objects. Descartes examined how the mind should know better that human body. Although we need senses for everything, the mind is more important because all knowledge accumulate in our mind. Second part includes Descartes opinion about thinking. According to Descartes, thinking is very significant point because thinking is the ability to doubt, use imagination and reach certain truth. His famous theory is â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum† which called ‘I think, therefore I am’. Descartes said that, â€Å"I don’t yet know clearly enough what I am. † (151) It means that, sometimes he has convinced himself that there is absolutely nothing in the world such as no sky, no earth also no mind no body. Descartes believes that if people convinced themselves of something then they existed. To conclude, we can infer that Descartes defend the certain truth is our knowledge and thought. These meditations are considered about modern philosophy. At the same time, Descartes wants to create gripping subject to study science.

Should There Be a Limit on the Amount of Homework Teachers...

The quality of students’ homework is much more important than the quantity of students homework and data collected during recent studies has proven that homework is not making the grade. â€Å". . . American students are entangled in the middle of international academic rankings: 17th in reading, 23rd in science, and 31st in math according to the most recent results from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)† (Murphy-Paul). Students should not be given an excessive amount of homework because the pressure of having to complete excessive amounts of homework every night is quite daunting for most students. Knowing how much homework is the right amount correlates with age and grade. An 8th grade student should not be given a myriad of homework that would keep her awake past midnight completing assignments. In any case, there should be a limit on the amount of homework all teachers give to students because an excessive amount of homework would eventually ca use students to become uninterested in school and learning, which could result in poor test scores and low ranks in international academic rankings. In order for students to carry out daily activities throughout the day restfully, teachers must be able to provide homework that does not exceed the appropriate amount of time needed to complete it, which is based on grade level. If teachers are too clueless of a students health due to excessive amounts of homework, many students will develop cases of sleepShow MoreRelatedHomework Is The Thing That Controls Most Of A Teenagers Life839 Words   |  4 PagesDurrant 1st Hour Homework in Moderation = Successful Students Homework; the thing that controls most of a teenagers life. Most students have three or more hours of homework per night. 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